T.S. Eliot Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

T.S. Eliot - Essay Example The fourth part, by a long shot the most limited, advances to the last part and afterward moves to examine ideas of an alternate influence. The sonnet, a difficult talk which traverses Literatures, characters and time makes the idea of detach however represents completely the fracture of today’s society purchased by war regardless of, or possibly due to, advancement. Eliot successfully challenges conventional verse by presenting the more up and coming topics that are occurring in the public arena. Since craftsmanship isn't simply an impersonation of life, it is an apparatus to show our very own impression vanity and traps as individuals. The topic of the war is a foremost component of the sonnet which is clear by the time span when it was composed, after the World War I which was considered in its time as the main Great War. The monstrosities of war are a typical information that however individuals know about it, the equivalent isn't unveiled by the very idea of its ruthlessness. We know war, we comprehend that it occurs, yet we don't perceive what really occurs in the forefronts. This thought is considerably increasingly obvious in today’s world where wars are battled in far off grounds including remote faces that are neither recognized nor discussed. Individuals live in the solaces of fights battled by outsiders through advances that make it simpler to overcome some other less sorted out or financed armed force squashed by the more innovation propelled power. â€Å"Unreal City,/Under the earthy colored mist of a winter day break,/A group streamed over London Bridge, such a large number of,/I had not thought demise had fixed such a large number of. /Sighs, short and rare, were breathed out,/And each man fixed his eyes before his feet.† (Eliot 60-65). This addresses the author’s mistrust over the lack of interest of the individuals with regards to the degree of death that was upon their feet. Alaeddini and Jeihouni insightfully watch, â€Å"To Eliot inaction gives the ideal affection to the force holders

Structured interview free essay sample

Depict the organized meeting. What are the attributes of organized meetings that enhance the deficiencies of unstructured meetings? Create one unique situational question and a going with rating scale utilizing benchmark reactions with allocated esteems to be utilized in an organized meeting. Make certain to take note of the assignment you are focusing for the Job. Organized meetings are interviews that guarantee the candidate to have an equivalent chance to give data and to be surveyed precisely and reliably. It is the mean of gathering information through an interviewee not paper and pencil. Some of he increasingly unmistakable attributes are the accompanying: 1) questions depend on Job investigation, 2) similar inquiries are posed of every up-and-comer, 3) the reaction to each address is numerically assessed, 4) nitty gritty tied down rating scales are utilized to score every reaction, and 5) point by point notes are taken, especially concentrating on interviewees practices. 459) Questions for the candidate are made before the meeting with not many open-finished inquiries. We will compose a custom paper test on Organized meeting or on the other hand any comparable point explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page It's anything but a free stream style as the unstructured meeting can be. It gives the exactness and unwavering quality required for specific circumstances and KSAOS. The organized have more elevated levels of legitimacy (appraisal strategy expected to gauge Job execution) and unwavering quality (rating consistency among questioners) contrasted with unstructured meetings. Organized meetings have shown a high level of legitimacy, unwavering quality and lawful solidness. It is significant that all individuals from the meeting group be appropriately prepared on the most proficient method to lead organized meetings and how to evaluate candidate to guarantee reasonableness in the staffing procedure. There is a drawback to this technique that the idea of this style reminds candidates that they are in an assessment circumstance nd will need to show themselves in their most ideal manner. Hence, the candidate may attempt to channel the data they give. The unstructured meeting can be progressively appealing and it is utilized more frequently than some other strategy, however it has little an incentive in foreseeing Job execution. The inquiries are open end addresses that are impromptu and fast in light of the fact that the questioner didn't get ready for the meeting. As opposed to being founded on the necessities of the Job, questions depend on the questioners attempting to discover more about the candidate than about the Job. 58) Reliability and legitimacy is moderately lower at that point organized and it leaves the candidates responses with a negative inclination about the Job. Other than unfavorably influencing the legitimacy and the unwavering quality, the absence of normalization in talk with systems and question likewise makes the unstructured meeting powerless to legitimate difficulties. (Terpstra, Mohamed, and Kethley 1999; U. S. Legitimacy Systems Protection Board, 20032) The advantages for reliably choosing quality candidates and lessening the danger of legitimate difficulties far exceed any expenses of adding organized talking to the

Why You Should Take Care of Your Body and Health

Why You Should Take Care of Your Body and Health Stress Management Effects on Health Print Why You Should Take Care of Your Body and Health By Elizabeth Scott, MS twitter Elizabeth Scott, MS, is a wellness coach specializing in stress management and quality of life, and the author of 8 Keys to Stress Management. Learn about our editorial policy Elizabeth Scott, MS Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Daniel B. Block, MD on November 23, 2019 twitter linkedin Daniel B. Block, MD, is an award-winning, board-certified psychiatrist who operates a private practice in Pennsylvania. Learn about our Medical Review Board Daniel B. Block, MD Updated on February 13, 2020 Matt Dutile/ Getty Images More in Stress Management Effects on Health Management Techniques Situational Stress Job Stress Household Stress Relationship Stress Health problems, even minor ones, can interfere with or even overshadow other aspects of your life. Even relatively minor health issues such as aches, pains, lethargy, and indigestion take a toll on your happiness and stress levels. One way to improve your ability to cope with stress and feel better is to make a commitment to healthier habits. Poor health habits can add stress to your life and also play a role in how well you are able to cope with stress. The stress that comes from poor health is significant. Health challenges also affect other areas of your life. Health problems can make daily tasks more challenging, create financial stress, and even jeopardize your ability to earn a living. Stress itself can exacerbate health issues from the common cold to more serious conditions and diseases,?? so maintaining healthy habits can pay off in the long run. Here are a few healthy habits that carry a big impact: Eat a Healthy Diet for the Right Reasons Rather than eating right solely for the promise of looking better in your jeans, you should also make a commitment to eating foods that will boost your energy levels and keep your system running smoothly. This is because what you eat can not only impact your short-term and long-term health, it can affect your stress levels.?? Its much harder to cope with stress if you are hungry or malnourished. Hunger can make you more emotionally reactive to stressors, leaving you irritable or even angry in the face of minor daily annoyances. Watching what you eat can be a stress management tool as well as a health preserver. Another reason its a good idea to maintain a healthy diet is that your diet can have an effect on your mood.?? While the effects of an unhealthy diet are cumulative and become more apparent in the long-term, you are also less likely to feel well in the short-term if you are eating a diet heavy on sugar-laden, fatty, or nutritionally empty foods. Some of the more immediate effects poor diet include feeling: LethargicJitteryMoodyFatiguedHungryWeak Eating well has important long-term consequences, but it may also help you feel more energetic and optimistic in the short-term as well.?? If you remind yourself that what you eat now will affect how you feel in the coming hours, it may be easier to stick to a healthy diet. Make Sleep a Priority Sleep can have a serious impact on your overall health and well-being. Make a commitment to get enough sleep at night. If you havent gotten adequate sleep, you may be less productive, less mentally sharp, and otherwise more prone to the effects of stress.?? Some good habits that can help: Try to get a full eight hours of sleep each nightAvoid caffeine after 2 pmAvoid eating foods in the evening that might disrupt your sleepGo to bed at the same time each night; wake up at the same time each morningCreate a restful sleep environment; make sure your bed is comfortable and keep the room at an optimal temperature for sleeping (between 60 and 67 degrees Fahrenheit)Adopt a calming technique such as meditation to help yourself relax each night before bed You may be surprised by how much less stressed you feel when youre not tired if this is an issue for you right now.  Following good strategies can help if you have trouble getting quality sleep when stressed. Not only will you sleep better, but you’ll feel better all day. Find a Fitness Habit That Works for You Weve all heard the advice to eat right and exercise, but it can be difficult to fit in workouts around a busy schedule, particularly when youre feeling exhausted from stress.  One effective strategy for making fitness a regular part of your life is to build an exercise habit around your other habitsâ€"either attach a workout to your morning routine, your lunchtime habits, or make it a regular part of your eveningâ€"you get the idea.??   If you make a morning jog part of your getting-ready-for-work routine, for example, it is much more likely to happen than if you wait until you feel like jogging and happen to have a free half-hour, especially if you lead a busy life like most of us and are tired at the end of the day.   Another important way to make exercise easier is to choose an activity that you actually enjoy. Some examples include walking while listening to an audiobook or attending a class at your gym where good music drives up your energy level.  Finding an activity that you enjoy means that you are more likely to stick with it. Find a form of exercise that youd like to do and then find a time when you can make it work with your schedule. Watch What You Put Into Your Body Avoid putting unhealthy substances into your body; nicotine, excess alcohol, and even excessive caffeine can take a toll on your health in the long run, but also make you feel lousy overall in your day-to-day life. In fact, it helps if you can avoid allowing toxic thinking patterns from exacerbating your stress levels as well.??  Find healthier ways to manage stress, and youll enjoy double health and stress management benefits. A Word From Verywell These are three important ways to take care of your body that you may not naturally think of as stress relievers. If you set goals to make these ideas a reality in your life, not only will you feel the difference immediately, but you will also see results in multiple areas of your life in the coming weeks and months. Few habits come without effort, but these three can make a significant impact on your life, and are well worth the effort.

It Proposal For The Kris Coporation2 - 1702 Words

IT PROPOSAL FOR THE KRIS COPORATION2 Information Technology Proposal Active Directory Migrating to 2012 AD Different companies or organizations have different reasons and ways of migrating to Windows 2012 Active Directory. Some of the reasons as to why the company needs to migrate to 2012 Ad include freedom of interface choice whereby there is a wide variety of interface choice that can be accessed through 2012 AD (Taft, 2012). The other reasons as to why the company needs 2012 AD include increase in the storage space for the company and ability to have control over disasters and its recovery system (Ciccarelli, Faulkner, 2006). The company will also be able to improve on its Virtual Desktop Infrastructure. Furthermore, the†¦show more content†¦After that, the settings and the data of server 2008 are then moved to the Destination Server, that is, for server IT PROPOSAL FOR THE KRIS COPORATION3 2012 AD (Ciccarelli, Faulkner, 2006). The folder for redirection on server 2012 Essentials Destination Folder is then enabled after which the old folder for redirection may then be deleted. The source serve is then demoted and removed from the new server 2012 Essentials network, although this should be done after forcing the Group policy update, then the removal (Hernandez, 2013). After the migration, the next step would be for the company to map all the permitted computers to the user accounts within the network of the company. The final step of migrating to Windows Server 2012 is to download and then run the server essentials BPA. Multi-domain model Vs Single domain Kris Corporation running a multiple-domain whereby the benefits of having multiple domain include being able to reduce the stiff competition that the company faces from other similar companies in the industry (Taft, 2012). Furthermore, multiple domains are beneficial in that they help the company to target different audiences hence expand its customer base in the long run (Ciccarelli, Faulkner, 2006). It is also to be noted that multiple domains are beneficial to an organization due to the reason that there is ease of access of the company’s website

Dna And Biological Instructions For The Development,...

Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) is an extensive molecule that contains genetic material that makes up almost all living organisms including plants, animals, and even some viruses. This genetic material or genetic code in DNA is composed of biological instructions that are responsible for the development, survival, and reproduction of organisms. Information stored in DNA is made of four chemical bases or building blocks, adenine (A), guanine (G), cytosine (C), and thymine (T) which come together to form pairs in molecules: Adenine to Thymine, and Cytosine to Guanine. Humans have billions of these base pairs within their bodies. These pairs separate to form into paired packages that resemble X’s called chromosomes that are made of structure of nucleic acids and protein stored in the nucleus of cells (National Human Genome Research Institute, 2015). The DNA in cells contains structural proteins (responsible for the structure, function, and regulation of the body s tissues and organs) and endoenzyme or intracellular enzymes (that control cytoplmic and nuclear activities) called genes. Genes operate as a list of instructions for molecules and are in control of the promotion of reproduction within the cell. All organisms are different from one another and have a unique combination of traits. However, many organisms share similarities, like when a child (offspring) has similar features or characteristics, like height or having brown hair like their parents. This is because hereditaryShow MoreRelatedgenetics and heredity1693 Words   |  7 PagesLook the Way We Do† Genes: Our Biological Blueprint Genes basic units of heredity that maintain their structural identity from one generation to another. the biochemical units of heredity that make up the chromosomes a segment of DNA capable of synthesizing a protein Genes are aligned along chromosomes (strands of genes) and come in pairs. 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Humans-homo sapiens) Developed by Linnaeus in the 18th century Identifying Species 3 methods: Morphology ïÆ'   Form and shape ïÆ'   It is simple but there are natural variations in population Biology ïÆ'   If species are able to have sex and produce viable offspring ïÆ'   It is widely used however cannot always be used due to geographic separation, asexual reproduction and extinction of fossils Phylogeny Read MoreA Comparison between Asexual and Sexual Reproduction5942 Words   |  24 PagesReproduction Research Assignment Sac 5 PART 1 : Asexual vs. Sexual Reproduction [ 4 marks ] - Discuss the differences between, and the advantages and disadvantages of sexual and asexual reproduction : SEXUAL REPRODUCTION Sexual Reproduction is the formation of a new organism from two parents usually, and involves the joining of gametes [ e.g. sperm, pollen, egg] to form a single cell called a zygote [ or fertilised egg ]. The offspring are similar, but not identical to the parents. 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Underlying this deceptively persuasive definition, however, lie those persistent traditional problems inherent in the search for an essential, distinctiveRead MorePsy 244 Essay10464 Words   |  42 Pagesparts of the basic task II. History of the Study of Development A. Ancient Greece and Rome 1. In his treatise, Gynecology, the Greek physician Soranus gave careful instructions for how infants should be swaddled: in soft cloths and strips of fabric from the head to the very tip of the toes. What was his main reason for this practice? Sample Question In his treatise, Gynecology, the Greek physician Soranus gave careful instructions for how infants should be swaddled: in soft cloths andRead MoreAp Psychology Review Packet12425 Words   |  50 Pagesterminal fibers, through which messages pass to other neurons or to muscles and glands. 26.B.F. Skinner:  a leading behaviorist; rejected introspection and studied how consequences shape behavior. 27.Babbling Stage:  begins at 4 months; stage of speech development in which infant spontaneously utters various sounds. 28.Barbituates:  drugs that depress the activity of the central nervous system,  reducing anxiety  but impairing memory and judgement. 29.Basal Metabolic Rate:  bodys resting rate of energy expenditureRead MoreSexually Transmitted Diseases35655 Words   |  143 Pages 148-150 Onion and cheek cells 150-151 Ecological study 154 Seed structure and germination 155-157 Reproduction in plants 158-165 Sexually transmitted diseases 166-176 Birth Control and contraceptives 177-185 Effects on population growth 186-187 Drug and drug abuse 188-191 Man’s impact on the environment 192-199 Reproduction in man 200-201 References 202 Introduction Many people live their lives without having a clue about certain

Leadership Style and Its Impact on Employees Free Essays

FACULITY OF GRADUATE STUDIES MBA PROGRAM THE BANK MANAGERS’ LEADERSHIP STYLE AND ITS IMPACT ON EMPLOYEES’ JOB SATISFACTION IN THE SOUTH OF WEST BANK BY AFNAN MOHAMMAD AMER ADVISOR DR. SHARIF ABUKARSH This thesis is submitted in partial fulfillment of requirements for the degree of Master of Business Administration (MBA), College of Graduate Studies, Hebron University. 2009 1 2 ACKNOWLEDGMENT I would like to express my appreciation to those who provided valuable advice and assistance during preparation of this thesis My appreciation to my Advisor Dr. We will write a custom essay sample on Leadership Style and Its Impact on Employees or any similar topic only for you Order Now Sharif Abukarsh for his guidance and support. And my appreciation to all the Bank anagers who allowed me to conduct the research in their branches My appreciation to every one helped me to make this piece of work completed. 3 DECLARATION No portion of the work referred in this study has application qualification for to been submitted another this or as degree any or other university or institute of learning. 4 an DEDICATION This piece of work is dedicated to all my family members, especially to the great father I have, to my precious mother, my best friend Akram, and my lovely kids; zaid, Sanad, Manar and mohammad, for their patience and supporting. To them and to everyone who participated, helped, and encouraged me o complete this work, I dedicate this thesis 5 ABSTRACT THE BANK MANAGERS’ LEADERSHIP STYLE AND ITS IMPACT ON EMPLOYEES’ JOB SATISFACTION IN THE SOUTH OF WEST BANK Job satisfaction is one of the most important human resource-related outcomes, Further; organizations that have more satisfied employees are likely to be more productive and profitable. Among determinants of job satisfaction, leadership is viewed as an important predictor and plays a central role. This study recognizes the types of the existing Bank managers’ leadership style in southern part of West Bank and its impact on employees’ job satisfaction from the view oint of its employees. All the employees of (20) Bank branches in the southern part of West Bank which are (390) employees, were the target population of the research. The researcher developed one questionnaire used as a primary source consists of of three collecting main data, parts: the this first questionnaire part contained questions about the employees demographic variables, t he second part is about the indicators of the current leadership styles of the Bank managers in the southern part of West Bank and the third part is a bout the job satisfaction of the Bank employees. One hundred distributed employees in to twenty a the three tratified Banks of questionnaires systematic southern 6 part have sample of of West been the Bank. Eighty nine questionnaires were returned which make the respondents rate (72. 4%). The results of the research highlighted a strong positive relationship between democratic leadership style and employees’ job satisfaction, a slightly weak positive relationship employees’ between job autocratic satisfaction and leadership a strong style and negative relationship between the laissez fair leadership style and employees’ job satisfaction. 7 CHAPTER ONE THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND 1. 1 Introduction Job human satisfaction is resource-related ften-studied topic the one outcomes, in of the and most important perhaps management and the most industrial psychology. Further, organizations that have more satisfied employees are likely to be more productive and profitable. Job satisfaction, characteristics likely such result as customer low together and in with environmental other turnover satisfaction, other characteristics, organizationally reduced positive valued absenteeism and organizational job satisfaction, job will outcomes productivity, effectiveness. (kim 2004) Among determinants of leadership is viewed as an important predictor and plays a central role. Leadership is management function, which is mostly directed towards people and social interaction, as well as the process of influencing people so that they will achieve the goals of the organization (Rad and Yarmohammadian, 2004). By using appropriate leadership styles, managers can affect employee job satisfaction, commitment and productivity. Leadership style can be viewed as a series of managerial attitudes, behaviors, characteristics and skills based on individual and organizational values, leadership interests 8 and reliability of employees in different situations (Mosadeghrad, 2003). And because of the historical development of the Banking ector in Palestine which was, initially, marked by weakness and deformity in its structure and activities due to the political circumstances that Palestine went through. Apparently, there was an immense need for building a strong Banking system able to meet the economical and financial requirements of Palestine. And this strong Banking system mainly depends on the human force that like any business must be satisfied previously in mentioned, the work employee’s place. job And as it was satisfaction is affected mostly by the managers’ leadership style. (Par ker, 2003) 1. 2 The Paradigm of the Study Independent variables Dependent variable Managers’ Leadership style Job satisfaction Autocratic style Democratic style Laissez-fair style Employees’ demographic variables †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ Sex Academic qualification Salary Hierarchy level Moderator variables 9 F igure 1. 1: Conceptual framework There is one independent variable: managers’ leadership style, which will affect the dependent variable: employees’ job satisfaction. There are three leadership style indicators (autocratic, democratic, laissez fair), In addition, there are four moderator variables: employees’ sex, their academic qualification, salary, and hierarchy level, that will affect the strength of the relation etween the dependent and independent variables. (Kenny, 1986) 1. 6 Objectives of the Study This study aims to accomplish the following objectives: 1. To explore the leadership styles of Bank mangers in southern part of West Bank. 2. To identify the best style achieving of high level job satisfaction that to be recommended and followed. 3. To explore the impact of sex, academic qualification, salary, hierarchy level, in determining the job satisfaction of the south West Bank employees. 4. To explore the level of job satisfaction of employees in south West Bank Banks. 1. 3 Statement of the Problem Most of the time the success or failure f any business in general and Banking in particular is determined by the efforts and by the hard work done by its human workforce. And since one of the important factors influencing the employees activities and job satisfaction is the leadership style of their managers, a study of the 10 leadership style of the Bank managers and its relation with the employees satisfaction is essential for these managers to identify their styles and its impact on their employees performance, which will directly affect the Banking performance, with all its implications on the Palestinian economy. In order to accomplish the main objective of this study, nswers to the following specific sub-problems are sought: 1. What are the primary leadership styles of the Bank managers from the view point of its employees in southern part of West Bank? 2. What are the most remarkable characteristics of these styles from the view point of the employee s? 3. What is the employees’ job satisfaction level in southern part of West Bank? 4. What are the most remarkable characteristics of the employees’ job satisfaction in southern part of West Bank? 5. Is there a clear relationship between Bank managers’ leadership style and the employees’ job satisfaction in southern part of West Bank? . Is there a particular sub items in managers’ leadership style or styles that result in the highest job satisfaction for the employees in southern part of West Bank? 1. 4 Null Hypothesis Based on the problem statement mentioned above, the research hypotheses for this study are as follows: 11 1. There is no significant relationship between the leadership style of the Bank managers and the job satisfaction of its employees in southern part of West Bank. 2. There is no significant difference in the level of job satisfaction demographic of Bank employees variables (sex, in relation academic to the qualification, alary, hierarchy level). 1. 5 Significance of the Study Job satisfaction is an essential aspect of the human resource- related outcomes. And because of its significance in an organization, job satisfaction is perhaps the most often-studied topic in management and in industrial psychology (Kim 2004). And since job satisfaction is highly affected by managers’ leadership style. The significance of this study is underlined as this study is the first in Palestine according to the knowledge of the researcher done in the Banking sector The importance development of of this Banking study sector, lies and in its studying mpact on the factors that may improve or hinder employees’ job satisfaction. On the customers level, the more employees satisfaction, means the insurance of a better service, from one hand, and on the other hand , the well being of the Banking employees will have its clear effect on the Banking sector success, 12 which the customer will directly feel; as a success in major economy key player. The results of this research will highlight the effect of management style on the job satisfaction, which will be an additional contribution to the national literature that will help in a better planning for future developmental lans of the Banking sector in Palestine. 1. 7 Scope and Limitation of the Study The time scope: the time of the research from January, 2008 to March, 2009. The place scope: The research will be composed of all the Palestinian Banks in the southern part of West Bank (Hebron, Bethlehem, Betjalah). Human scope: all the employees of the Palestinian Banks in the southern part of West Bank will be the population of the research. Limitations of the study: 1. Some of the subordinates did not have time to fill the questionnaire in due time, and because of that it took the researcher more than planned to collect the data. 2. Some of the branch managers were reluctant or refused to cooperate, due to the contradiction of the excepted results of the study with their interests. 13 Banks framework table 1. 1 The working Banks in Palestine according to Palestinian Monetary Authority. Bank number Bank name 1 Arabic Bank 2 Cairo Amman Bank 3 Alquds Bank for Development and Investment 4 Palestine Islamic Bank 5 Arab Islamic Bank 6 Palestine Investment Bank 7 Bank of Jordan 8 The Housing Bank for Trade and Finance 9 Jordan Ahli Bank 10 Egyptian Arab land Bank 11 Bank of Palestine PLC 12 Al Rafah Microfinance Bank 13 Commercial Bank of Palestine 4 Palestine International Bank 15 Al-Aqsa Islamic Bank 16 Arab Palestinian Investment Bank 17 Jordan Commercial Bank 18 Jordan-Kuwait Bank 14 Bank number Bank name 19 Union Bank for Savings 20 HSBC Bank Middle East Limited 21 Principal Bank of Development and Agricultural Source(Palestinian Monetary Authority web site (http://www. pmapalestine. org) 15 1. 8 Definition of Terms Bank: a commercial institution that keeps money in accounts for individuals or organizations, makes loans, exchanges currencies, provides credit to businesses, and offers other financial services. (Macesich, 2000) Bank manager: manager of branch office of a Bank. (Macesich, 2000, p. 80) Leadership: ultimately about creating a way for people to contribute to making something extraordinary happen (Kouzes and Posner 2007) Autocratic leadership style: A leadership style where the leader solves the himself/herself problem using the or makes information the decision available at by the time. (Richard and Robert, 2009) Democratic leadership characterized by group style: a style participation in of leadership decision-making where the leader shares the problem with the relevant team members as a group. (Parker, 2003) Laissez fair leadership style: It s one in which the manager provides little or no direction and gives employees as much freedom as possible. All authority or power is given to the employees and they must determine goals, make decisions, and resolve problems on their own. (Richard and Robert, 2009) Job satisfaction: and an attitude (Cranny, 2002) 16 towards one’s job First line supervision manager: of a An middle individual manager who and is works under the responsible for managing the daily activities of a group of workers (Abas, 2003) Southern Part of West Bank: Bethlehem, Betjala and Hebron 17 CHAPTER Two REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES This chapter international studies includes about literature, the topic of local the and research, which is collected by reviewing different books and studies from different university libraries. The chapter has two parts; the first is about literature of leadership style and job satisfaction, whereas the second is about international and local studies related to the topic of the research. 2. 1 Literature Review of the Leadership Style In this part, the literature and theoretical framework about the leadership style is provided. 2. 1. 1 Leadership Concept In a competitive and quickly changing business nvironment, the effective leadership becomes one of the most critical needs and requirements (Pierce and Newstrom, 1995). Leaders need to hold visions, values, assumptions and paradigms that are oriented, empowered in agreement workforce successful. (Kotter, 1990) 18 in with having order to a team- be most Many researchers have defined leadership (Specrtum, 1999) defined leaders hip as the ability to influence others to achieve a specific goals and objects. Another definition influencing a of leadership is of persons achieve group to the process the of required goals of an organization. (Shachleton, 1995) There are some asic elements shape the concept of leadership, which are: 1. The existence of a group of people working in a certain organization. 2. The existence of a leader from the group who got the ability to influence their actions. 3. The existence of a specific object to obtain. (Kan’an, 2002) The ends of leadership involve getting results through others and the means of leadership involve the ability to build goal-oriented teams. (Richard and Robert, 2009) Finally the researcher defines the leadership as the ability to influence a group of people or a community to achieve specific goals. 2. 1. 2. Sources of Leadership Strength Where does the leader’s power come from? Do leaders have it? Or do followers give it them? As we shall see the answer may be both†. (Richard and Robert, 2009, p. 138) 19 The sources of leadership that gives the power and authority to a leader are 🙠 Parker, 2003) †¢ Expert power: Is the power of knowledge, some people are able to influence others through their relative expertise in particular area. †¢ Referent power: refers to the potential influence one has due to the strength of the relationship between the leader and the follower. †¢ Legitimate power: is based on the official authority that a person got in the organizational structure Reward power: involves the potential to influence others due to one’s control over desired resources like the power to give raises or promotions. †¢ Coercive power: the opposite or reward power, is based on expectations of punishment for not doing the expected duties and work. 2. 1. 3 Types of Leadership Leadership style is an approach of giving direc tion, motivating people and implementing plans. As there are many leaders, there are different leadership styles. A good leader uses the right leadership style according to the situation. There are three types of leadership styles that vary in terms of decision making (Nathant, 2007) . Autocratic style 20 2. Democratic style 3. Laissez-fair style 1. Autocratic Leadership The autocratic style is characterized by maximum control by the leader on the group members (Bernhard Walsh, 1990) This leadership style is based on the notion that enlisting people in decision making processes encumbers the efficient running of a business. (Zowelif, 1996) Autocratic leadership goes beyond decision making; it involves attempts to dominate or force values and opinions on followers. The predominant use of economic values should relate to autocratic leadership. Because they are supported in their decisions by the strong logic of efficiency’ these executives have confidence in their own decisions and feel less need to involve subordinates in the decision-making process. Subordinates may perceive these leaders as dominating and likely to force their values and opinions on others, t ell others what to do, and make decisions in an overbearing way (Nathant, 2007). Autocratic leadership is best applied to situations where there is little time for group decision-making or where the leader is the most knowledgeable member of the group. (Berson and Linton, 2005) This leadership style surly has some major drawbacks, which are: 21 1. Increased workload for the manager: By taking on as much responsibility and involvement as possible, an autocratic leader naturally works at their full capacity, which can lead to long term stress and health problems and could damage working relationships with colleagues. 2. People dislike being ordered around, they also dislike being shown very little trust and faith. 3. Teams become dependent upon their leader: After becoming conditioned to receive orders and act upon them perfectly, workers lose initiative and the confidence to make decisions on their own. This results in teams of workers who become useless at running operations if hey loose contact with their leader. (Rad, 2004) In summary, an autocratic leader retains full authority, responsibility, and is concerned primarily with task and goal accomplishment and he/she uses one way communication pattern with the group. A leader using this style displays little trust and confidence in employees who generally fear their leader. 2 . Democratic Leadership Democratic promotes the Leadership sharing of is the leadership responsibility, the style that exercise of delegation and continual consultation. The democratic leader acts as a part of the team, he/she receives the employees thought and suggestions with respect How to cite Leadership Style and Its Impact on Employees, Papers

John Sousa Essays - John Philip Sousa, Music Of Washington, D.C.

John Sousa Artists do not create in a vacuum. They reflect their times or at the very least are affected by the lives they lead which are also influenced by the public sphere. The term for this reflection is "Zeitgeist." It literally means"spirit of the times." John Philip Sousa and his works can be classified under this term of "Zeitgeist." Most of Sousa's music was composed during a period known as the gilded age. This period is known for its gross materialism and blatant political corruption in the United States. However, Sousa's music does not seem to reflect this corruption, but rather it reflects a way to deal with the corruption and mishaps of the times. John Philip Sousa, also known as the "March King," was born on November 6,1854, in Washington D.C., near the marine barracks where his father, Antonio, was a musician in the marine band. He received his grammar school education in Washington and for several of his school years enrolled in a private conservatory of music operated by John Esputa, Jr. . There he studied piano and most of the orchestral instruments, but his main passion was the violin. He became very good at the violin, and at age 13 he was almost persuaded to join a circus band . As a young boy, the martial music of army bands in the streets of Washington during and immediately following the Civil War had a profound effect on him. When he was not yet fourteen he enlisted in the Marine Corps and succeeded in becoming a member of the marine band . This is where he picked up a liking for marches. After being discharged from the Marine Corps, Sousa toured with several traveling theater orchestras and in 1876 moved to Philadelphia. There he worked as an arranger, composer, and proofreader for publishing houses . While on tour with an opera company in St. Louis, he received a telegram offering him leadership of the Marine Band in Washington. He accepted and reported for duty on October 1, 1880, becoming the band's 17th leader . The marine band was Sousa's first experience conducting a military band, and he approached it unlike most of his predecessors. Rehearsals became exceptionally strict, and he shaped his musicians into the country's premiere band . The military was important to Sousa's music style. His main musical compositions were marches, which were the most widely used form of music in the military. His first two marches that he wrote as leader of the band, "The Gladiator" and "Semper Fidelis," were received with great acclaim in military band circles and from that time on he received ever-increasing attention and respect as a composer . Both of these marches were high-spirited and uplifting, just the thing to raise moral among the troops as well as promote nationalism within the states. In 1889, Sousa wrote a march called "The Washington Post" march, which was soon adapted and identified with the new dance called the two-step. Right after this march was written, a British band journalist remarked that since Johann Strauss, Jr. was called "The Waltz King," that American bandmaster Sousa should be called the "March King." With this Sousa's regal title was coined and has remained ever since . Sousa lived most of his life during a time known as the gilded age, named after the famous book by Mark Twain. The gilded age was a time of gross material interest among the American people and blatant corruption among the politicians . Within congress the Senate generally overshadowed the House of Representatives. Some critics even called the Senate a "rich man's club." The House was one of the most disorderly and inefficient legislative bodies in the world. As a result of the civil war, the division between the Democrats and the Republicans was even more sectional than ever . In this case it is very hard to find the "Zeitgeist" in Sousa's compositions of this time. In fact they even seem to contradict the spirit of that era. All of the marches that Sousa wrote during the gilded age were extremely upbeat and energetic, while the time was corrupt and backhanded. This is because Sousa was responding to the negative messages being sent out by the political society by helping Americans realize how great their nation is. All of his musical pieces expressed a certain proud nationalism that helped the people cope with the harsh times. Sousa's most famous march, "The Stars and Stripes Forever," was written, in 1896, by Sousa on a boat ride